Tab.0.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Structural data of Germany 1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,1960,1970,1980,1990,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023
Structural data,"1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000"
Population 2),55958,61001,61658,63726,81817,82012,82057,82037,82163,82260,82440,82537,82532,82501,82438,82315,82218,82002,81802,81752,80328,80524,80767,81198,82176,82522,82792,83019,83167,83155,83237,84359,84669
   Male 2),26328,29072,29481,30851,39825,39955,39992,40004,40091,40157,40275,40345,40356,40354,40340,40301,40274,40184,40104,40112,39230,39381,39557,39835,40514,40697,40844,40967,41038,41027,41067,41559,41784
   Female 2),29631,31930,32177,32875,41993,42057,42065,42033,42073,42103,42166,42192,42176,42147,42098,42014,41944,41818,41699,41639,41098,41143,41211,41362,41662,41825,41949,42053,42129,42129,42170,42800,42886
   Foreigners 2),m,2738,4566,5447,7343,7492,7419,7308,7336,7268,7318,7348,7342,7288,7289,7256,7255,7186,7131,7199,6342,6644,7015,7540,8652,9220,9679,10089,10398,10585,10893,12324,12908
   Live births,1262,1048,866,906,765,796,812,785,771,767,734,719,707,706,686,673,685,683,665,678,663,674,682,715,738,792,785,788,778,773,795,739,693
      Live births of foreigners 3),11,63,81,86,100,106,107,100,95,50,44,41,39,36,30,29,31,34,33,33,32,32,39,52,68,97,98,105,106,106,106,111,110
   Surplus of births (+) or deaths (-),385,72,-87,-16,-119,-87,-48,-67,-76,-72,-94,-122,-147,-113,-144,-149,-142,-162,-189,-181,-190,-196,-212,-153,-188,-119,-147,-167,-161,-212,-228,-328,-335
   Net immigration (+) or net emigration (-) 4),176,555,298,670,398,282,94,47,202,167,273,219,143,83,79,23,44,-56,-13,128,279,369,429,550,1139,500,416,400,327,220,329,1462,663
Employed persons 5),26194,25951,26874,29334,36048,35982,35805,35860,36402,36604,36816,36536,36172,35659,36566,37344,38163,38734,38662,38938,38916,39206,39618,39942,40279,41339,41641,41895,42379,41562,41552,42527,43117
   Male,16340,16441,16782,17585,20939,20706,20549,20509,20659,20680,20629,20336,19996,19681,20135,20477,20890,21188,20972,21048,20894,21067,21193,21344,21491,22107,22272,22380,22608,22141,22130,22626,22909
   Female,9854,9510,10092,11749,15109,15276,15256,15351,15744,15924,16187,16200,16176,15978,16432,16867,17272,17546,17690,17891,18022,18139,18425,18597,18788,19232,19369,19514,19771,19421,19422,19901,20207
"Employed foreigners, of which 6)",279,1807,2018,1775,m,2120,2044,2030,1839,1899,1949,1930,1813,1739,1712,1739,1788,1854,1830,1879,2019,2193,2341,2563,2829,3134,3470,3848,4153,4236,4546,4984,5326
   Greeks,m,230,132,103,m,115,110,109,106,109,110,107,99,93,90,88,88,88,85,85,90,100,109,117,124,131,138,145,149,146,149,155,156
   Italians,m,364,305,170,m,205,202,203,199,203,203,196,181,173,169,170,173,177,175,179,187,196,206,218,232,244,255,267,274,269,275,283,285
   Portuguese,m,40,59,42,m,52,52,52,48,48,48,46,43,41,40,40,40,41,41,41,44,47,51,53,56,58,60,61,62,62,64,66,67
   Spaniards,m,163,86,61,m,48,46,45,40,40,40,39,37,34,34,33,33,33,33,34,36,40,48,56,60,64,67,69,71,71,76,82,86
   Turks,m,323,578,598,m,581,564,569,521,543,548,531,491,466,451,453,468,484,466,475,495,501,499,503,510,516,527,539,542,531,539,556,567
Unemployed persons 7),271,149,889,1883,3612,3965,4384,4281,4100,3890,3853,4061,4377,4381,4861,4487,3761,3259,3415,3239,2976,2897,2950,2898,2795,2691,2533,2340,2267,2695,2613,2418,2609
   Female,m,m,462,915,1761,1854,2042,2007,1940,1836,1789,1821,1931,1933,2258,2150,1867,1596,1552,1479,1390,1347,1353,1333,1277,1208,1135,1048,1004,1175,1159,1106,1196
   Male,m,m,426,968,1851,2112,2342,2273,2160,2053,2064,2240,2446,2449,2603,2338,1894,1663,1863,1760,1586,1550,1597,1565,1517,1483,1398,1292,1263,1521,1455,1313,1412
   Unemployed persons without completed vocational training 8),m,m,444,808,1374,1511,1630,1531,1482,1396,1386,1396,1446,1462,1872,1804,1534,1337,1430,1340,1282,1215,1284,1303,1294,1263,1157,1202,1181,1408,1403,1344,1454
      Female,m,m,256,409,665,707,755,713,689,647,624,603,606,613,890,894,765,649,655,621,605,571,599,611,602,576,524,539,525,615,629,627,675
      Male,m,m,188,399,709,804,875,818,793,749,762,793,840,849,982,910,769,688,775,718,677,644,685,693,691,687,632,662,656,793,774,716,779
   Unemployed persons with in-company/school training 8),m,m,337,800,1941,2130,2452,2236,2263,2114,2176,2322,2507,2549,2517,2209,1817,1569,1688,1575,1389,1307,1359,1327,1240,1137,1028,926,877,1028,969,846,879
      Female,m,m,180,390,1005,1058,1235,1120,1153,1059,1074,1105,1190,1209,1211,1112,942,805,752,702,637,595,607,595,552,501,453,408,379,435,415,362,377
      Male,m,m,157,410,936,1072,1217,1116,1110,1055,1102,1217,1317,1340,1306,1097,875,764,937,873,752,712,752,732,688,636,575,518,498,593,555,484,502
   Unemployed persons with academic degree 8)9),m,m,42,120,206,207,227,198,197,175,180,224,253,254,257,224,193,175,164,178,168,170,191,203,202,194,194,185,187,238,222,205,243
      Female,m,m,18,59,87,87,97,86,88,79,83,101,115,118,123,109,98,92,78,84,81,82,92,97,96,90,91,88,90,115,107,103,128
      Male,m,m,24,61,119,120,130,112,109,96,97,123,138,136,134,115,95,83,86,94,87,88,99,105,106,104,103,97,98,123,115,101,115
Structural data,Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%)
Unemployment rate 10),m,m,m,m,9.4,10.4,11.4,11.1,10.5,9.6,9.4,9.8,10.5,10.5,11.7,10.8,9,7.8,8.1,7.7,7.1,6.8,6.9,6.7,6.4,6.1,5.7,5.2,5,5.9,5.7,5.3,5.7
   Unemployment rate of persons without completed vocational training 11),m,m,5.9,13.3,21.9,24.2,26.9,25.8,23.4,22.2,22.1,22.6,23.5,24.6,26,24,22.1,20.1,21.9,20.7,19.8,19.7,20,19.9,20.3,19.1,17.9,17.4,17,m,m,m,m
   Unemployment rate of persons with in-company/school training 11),m,m,2.1,4,7.4,8.1,9.3,8.5,8.7,8.1,8.3,8.8,9.6,9.9,9.7,8.5,7,6,6.6,5.8,5.1,5,5.1,4.9,4.6,4.2,3.9,3.4,3.3,m,m,m,m
   Unemployment rate of persons with university of applied sciences degree 11),m,m,1.8,2.8,3.4,3,3,2.6,m,m,m,2.9,3.7,3.7,3.8,3.3,2.6,2.1,2.8,2.7,2.6,2.6,2.6,2.7,2.5,2.4,2.4,2.1,2.1,m,m,m,m
   Unemployment rate of persons with university degree 11),m,m,1.9,3.9,4.3,4.2,4.5,3.9,m,m,m,4.2,4.3,4.1,4.3,3.6,3.1,2.7,2.3,2.3,2.3,2.5,2.4,2.5,2.4,2.2,2.2,2,2,m,m,m,m
Structural data,"1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000"
Pupils,8457,10976,11763,9044,12377,12560,12696,12709,12705,12642,12565,12480,12453,12387,12276,12138,11987,11830,11675,11485,11291,11114,10951,10872,10832,10885,10837,10780,10744,10735,10746,10953,11075
   Male,m,m,6162,4724,6412,6494,6558,6555,6559,6526,6493,6449,6436,6408,6353,6284,6210,6128,6048,5955,5862,5777,5698,5661,5652,5709,5690,5655,5632,5617,5616,5717,5779
   Female,m,m,5600,4320,5965,6066,6138,6153,6146,6116,6071,6031,6016,5980,5923,5854,5777,5701,5627,5530,5429,5337,5253,5211,5180,5175,5147,5125,5112,5118,5130,5236,5296
   Foreigners,m,187,747,966,1146,1174,1179,1157,1160,1155,1156,1156,1156,1143,1118,1085,1042,1002,969,933,872,835,818,833,912,1098,1167,1216,1269,1298,1341,1568,1718
"   Of which, pupils at general schools",6669,8992,9186,6882,9931,10070,10146,10108,10048,9960,9870,9780,9727,9625,9505,9356,9184,9024,8906,8797,8678,8557,8420,8367,8335,8370,8347,8330,8327,8381,8436,8693,8819
      Male,m,m,4704,3521,5054,5124,5162,5138,5110,5063,5017,4970,4942,4890,4828,4753,4666,4586,4530,4479,4423,4366,4300,4273,4260,4288,4271,4258,4252,4274,4299,4428,4492
      Female,m,m,4482,3360,4877,4946,4985,4970,4938,4898,4854,4811,4785,4735,4677,4603,4518,4438,4376,4318,4255,4191,4120,4093,4075,4082,4076,4072,4074,4107,4138,4265,4328
      New entrants,m,m,636,656,953,954,940,870,836,812,781,806,844,821,822,793,773,735,726,707,711,688,690,711,704,721,725,728,733,750,771,814,832
"   Of which, pupils at vocational schools",1788,1984,2576,2162,2446,2490,2550,2601,2656,2682,2694,2700,2726,2763,2771,2782,2803,2806,2769,2688,2612,2557,2531,2506,2497,2515,2490,2450,2417,2355,2310,2260,2256
      Male,m,m,1458,1203,1357,1370,1396,1418,1449,1463,1476,1479,1494,1518,1525,1531,1544,1543,1518,1476,1439,1412,1398,1388,1392,1422,1419,1397,1379,1343,1318,1289,1287
      Female,m,m,1118,960,1088,1121,1154,1183,1208,1218,1218,1221,1231,1245,1246,1251,1258,1263,1251,1212,1173,1146,1133,1118,1105,1093,1071,1053,1038,1011,992,971,968
"      Pupils at schools for nurses, midwives etc.",m,65,97,97,115,124,122,121,116,113,112,113,118,120,121,123,124,124,128,132,135,149,150,153,153,155,154,157,165,149,140,185,189
Apprentices,1279,1269,1715,1477,1579,1592,1622,1658,1698,1702,1685,1622,1582,1564,1553,1571,1595,1613,1571,1508,1461,1430,1392,1359,1337,1321,1324,1331,1329,1289,1255,1216,1217
   Male,818,820,1061,847,951,959,974,994,1011,1007,993,957,939,937,936,950,969,975,944,909,886,873,854,838,827,822,834,851,859,840,822,796,795
   Female,461,449,655,630,628,633,648,664,687,695,691,665,643,627,617,620,626,639,627,600,575,557,538,521,510,499,490,480,470,449,433,420,422
   Foreigners,m,m,m,98,121,116,110,104,101,97,92,85,79,72,68,66,69,73,76,77,78,79,80,83,87,96,113,131,143,141,135,130,135
   Apprentices with new training contracts,m,m,670,538,579,579,598,612,636,623,610,568,564,572,559,581,624,608,561,559,566,549,526,518,517,510,516,522,513,466,466,470,480
Students at higher education,247,422,1036,1579,1858,1838,1824,1801,1774,1799,1869,1939,2020,1964,1986,1979,1942,2026,2121,2218,2381,2499,2617,2699,2758,2807,2845,2868,2891,2944,2946,2920,2868
   Male,181,292,656,974,1083,1055,1030,1000,970,970,995,1021,1062,1026,1037,1033,1015,1058,1106,1158,1255,1314,1372,1409,1434,1454,1465,1466,1465,1476,1468,1444,1408
   Female,66,130,380,605,775,783,794,801,804,829,873,919,958,937,949,947,927,968,1015,1060,1126,1185,1245,1290,1324,1353,1380,1402,1426,1468,1478,1476,1460
   Foreigners,21,25,58,100,146,152,158,166,175,187,206,227,246,246,248,246,234,239,245,252,265,282,301,322,340,359,375,395,412,416,441,458,469
   First-year students,53,87,193,278,262,267,267,272,291,315,345,359,378,359,356,345,361,397,424,445,519,495,509,505,507,510,513,512,509,490,472,474,482
      Foreign first-year students,5,5,13,24,37,38,40,44,50,55,64,69,71,68,66,63,64,70,74,80,88,95,102,109,115,118,122,126,125,100,117,129,132
School graduates/school-leavers from full-time schools 12),469,489,501,254,308,316,322,324,323,321,325,324,330,328,316,313,299,275,250,233,218,205,198,194,187,188,187,187,185,169,170,177,186
   With secondary general school certificate,355,349,391,200,232,237,241,241,239,234,236,239,246,246,238,237,229,210,192,180,169,157,151,147,140,139,134,134,132,124,122,125,130
   Without secondary general school certificate,114,140,109,54,76,79,80,83,84,87,89,85,84,82,78,76,71,65,58,53,50,48,46,47,47,49,53,54,53,45,47,52,56
School graduates with intermediate school certificate 12),117,200,422,284,391,404,420,436,440,441,441,452,456,499,480,482,485,469,453,445,428,431,475,469,460,465,444,425,419,419,417,412,410
School graduates with higher education entrance qualification 12),57,92,222,275,308,315,323,330,340,348,343,362,369,387,400,415,434,442,449,457,505,500,476,435,445,454,441,433,419,382,394,385,381
Apprentices who passed final examinations,m,m,568,532,503,488,483,487,491,503,514,513,504,493,478,480,m,455,469,479,477,445,430,424,415,400,393,387,383,380,379,377,348
Higher education graduates,48,87,124,166,230,237,237,228,222,214,208,209,218,231,252,266,286,309,339,362,392,413,436,461,482,492,502,499,508,477,518,506,502
Teachers at all schools,264,389,557,542,778,780,783,786,782,785,789,792,796,793,790,792,789,788,795,798,794,789,787,786,790,799,805,811,818,827,833,848,863
"   Of which, teachers at general schools",224,339,478,458,670,672,668,669,669,672,674,675,677,672,668,668,665,664,671,673,670,666,665,664,668,674,679,686,694,702,709,725,739
"   Of which, teachers at vocational schools",39,51,79,84,108,109,115,117,113,113,115,117,119,121,122,124,124,123,124,125,124,123,122,122,123,125,126,125,125,125,124,124,124
Teachers at higher education 13),m,m,85,109,152,154,154,156,157,157,160,164,166,165,166,169,175,185,199,211,218,225,233,236,239,242,250,256,261,269,276,278,282
"   Of which, teachers at universities",m,m,76,98,136,138,137,139,139,139,142,145,146,144,145,149,154,163,174,183,188,194,200,202,204,207,212,216,220,227,232,233,236
"   Of which, teachers at universities of applied sciences",m,m,9,11,16,17,17,17,18,18,19,20,20,20,20,21,21,22,25,27,29,31,33,34,35,36,38,40,41,42,44,45,46
Other higher education staff 13),m,m,161,205,268,266,266,265,267,265,265,266,265,260,254,251,255,259,268,274,279,283,288,289,295,300,304,311,325,339,347,353,360
Structural data,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number
Student-teacher ratio at general schools,30,27,19,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,13,13,13,13,13,13,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12
Student-teacher ratio at vocational schools,45,39,33,26,23,23,22,22,24,24,23,23,23,23,23,23,23,23,22,22,21,21,21,21,20,20,20,20,19,19,19,18,18
Students per teacher at universities,m,m,11,12,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,9,9,9,8,8,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,8,8,8,8,8,7
Students per teacher at universities of applied sciences,m,m,22,34,27,26,26,25,25,25,26,26,28,27,28,28,27,27,27,26,27,27,27,27,27,28,27,26,26,27,26,26,25
Structural data,"1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000"
Full-time staff in the public sector 14),m,m,m,m,4303,4207,4085,3953,3805,3697,3582,3521,3439,3327,3238,3195,3144,3106,3121,3107,3119,3120,3144,3162,3159,3186,3206,3232,3269,3310,3371,3404,3421
   At federal level,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,555,537,524,515,508,496,487,482,469,466,461,458,449,442,437,432,433,437,439,444,451,460,462,460
   At Länder level,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,1805,1752,1736,1714,1675,1610,1588,1563,1553,1562,1568,1584,1583,1598,1607,1604,1614,1623,1637,1657,1673,1691,1707,1708
   At local government level,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,1066,1024,996,953,901,872,855,838,827,834,820,828,841,856,871,878,894,906,919,936,955,984,1002,1019
Part-time staff in the public sector 14),m,m,m,m,1068,1069,1079,1116,1164,1212,1238,1288,1340,1343,1362,1381,1397,1399,1427,1479,1484,1498,1492,1490,1487,1504,1532,1571,1616,1658,1724,1802,1849
   At federal level,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,43,46,50,58,61,65,68,69,68,68,69,67,65,62,60,58,57,57,57,58,59,61,64,65
   At Länder level,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,586,600,634,659,673,688,699,710,710,722,750,753,764,756,750,743,750,765,783,803,821,851,897,921
   At local government level,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,506,512,517,527,510,502,503,504,504,516,536,540,545,550,557,561,570,581,599,621,642,673,700,720
Structural data,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros
Total public expenditure 15),m,m,379,585,951,963,922,933,951,961,975,993,1003,993,1002,1005,1018,1056,1113,1142,1167,1182,1204,1237,1273,1326,1368,1429,1497,1679,1762,1875,1952
   Federal Government,m,m,111,159,250,252,246,262,271,266,268,281,281,274,281,283,293,305,317,355,364,356,349,345,341,363,376,386,397,512,561,609,614
   Länder governments,m,m,107,153,250,257,243,245,246,251,256,258,260,257,260,260,266,276,287,307,319,325,330,341,355,371,383,399,417,487,507,522,529
   Local governments,m,m,74,107,174,171,144,143,144,146,148,150,150,150,153,157,162,168,178,191,195,197,205,215,228,242,248,260,277,293,303,326,365
   Expenditure on staff,m,m,88,127,200,202,202,178,181,182,183,187,188,187,186,184,191,196,203,224,229,236,243,255,263,271,282,294,308,321,333,348,373
      Federal Government,m,m,16,22,27,27,27,27,27,27,27,27,27,27,26,26,26,27,28,42,42,43,44,46,48,49,51,52,54,56,58,60,66
      Länder governments,m,m,45,64,98,100,101,92,94,95,95,98,98,98,97,95,96,97,100,115,119,122,126,131,135,139,145,151,159,166,171,178,186
      Local governments,m,m,22,33,54,54,53,39,39,40,39,40,41,40,41,41,41,42,44,49,51,53,55,58,61,63,66,69,73,76,80,86,96
Structural data,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros
Public expenditure on education 16),5805,14193,33910,41916,75944,77231,77270,77305,78776,79264,81576,84909,85666,85762,86716,89188,92362,93717,99925,106219,109978,112163,116951,121598,125743,132564,134897,141657,150533,164002,167412,176330,181017
   For schools 16),4138,8726,22866,27728,44495,45154,45312,45616,46306,46723,47876,49409,49583,50116,50197,51409,51917,52752,55743,59059,59944,58838,60157,61782,63928,67724,66388,70132,74186,79408,82032,87481,87435
       Länder governments,2596,5840,17268,22055,35379,36315,36687,36978,37565,37888,38476,39965,40149,40543,40476,40954,41228,42175,44305,46270,47418,48310,49468,50566,51677,52385,54229,56284,59786,61979,65141,68199,69273
       Local governments,1616,2872,5578,5668,9115,8839,8624,8638,8740,8834,9309,9402,9391,9267,9078,9581,9750,10005,10408,11124,10542,10525,10687,11196,11090,11822,12136,13101,14376,15677,16296,17178,18123
   For higher education 16)17),1667,3514,7155,10570,16228,16684,16591,16573,16984,17243,17879,18779,18809,18132,18417,19374,19304,20235,21456,22527,23809,24680,26702,27943,28675,29843,30501,30618,32134,33187,33859,35423,36086
       Federal Government,141,504,663,1014,1770,1757,1748,1758,1897,1936,2080,2128,2134,1827,1843,1893,2128,2412,2764,3224,3826,3977,4907,4967,5030,5491,5794,5261,5371,4705,4688,4918,5079
       Länder governments,829,3003,6492,9556,14458,14927,14843,14815,15087,15306,15800,16651,16675,16305,16573,17481,17176,17823,18693,19303,19983,20703,21794,22976,23644,24352,24707,25356,26763,28482,29171,30505,31007
Tax revenue in cash terms,35100,78000,186579,281040,415839,409318,407638,425812,453116,467413,446284,441714,442221,442973,452380,488531,538170,561427,524079,530673,573372,600214,619515,643496,673525,705712,734695,776379,799390,739992,831843,894340,917644
   Federal Government,18711,42742,90776,133873,187170,173024,169228,174599,192447,198790,193766,192050,191943,186950,190177,203893,229713,239579,227996,225811,247984,256303,259866,270746,281608,289018,309361,322359,329052,283115,313667,337209,356042
   Länder governments,10978,25811,64154,97793,159880,167815,167721,175952,184003,189493,178690,178552,177618,179888,180457,195116,213591,221522,207119,210052,224291,236344,244206,254276,267939,288674,298414,314058,324517,316331,355088,384495,382627
   Local governments,4378,9326,26229,38155,48335,48310,49356,53649,56381,57297,54096,52552,51735,56495,60036,67381,72616,77245,68463,70443,76633,81251,84342,87488,93040,98747,105237,111374,114899,107755,124865,134018,143531
Gross domestic product 18),154770,360600,788520,1306680,1899930,1928560,1967180,2022310,2077240,2129660,2195530,2223360,2240810,2293040,2325710,2426180,2542220,2589680,2494870,2616060,2747810,2800380,2867280,2985170,3085650,3196110,3331110,3431130,3534880,3449620,3676460,3953850,4185550
Structural data,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros
Total public expenditure per inhabitant 2),m,m,6150,7338,11618,11737,11234,11369,11578,11680,11832,12027,12157,12038,12158,12209,12376,12877,13607,13974,14523,14682,14910,15230,15488,16070,16521,17207,18005,20187,21173,22232,23054
Public expenditure on education per inhabitant 2),103,233,551,663,930,943,942,942,960,964,991,1029,1038,1040,1052,1083,1123,1141,1220,1299,1369,1393,1448,1498,1530,1606,1629,1706,1810,1972,2011,2090,2138
Tax revenue in cash terms per inhabitant 2),627,1279,3026,3524,5083,4991,4968,5190,5515,5682,5413,5352,5358,5369,5488,5935,6546,6846,6407,6491,7138,7454,7670,7925,8196,8552,8874,9352,9612,8899,9994,10602,10838
Gross domestic product per inhabitant 19),2792,5945,12808,20658,23367,23673,24134,24830,25512,26145,26933,27254,27478,28151,28594,29889,31389,32065,30999,32585,34230,34819,35554,36862,37774,38812,40300,41386,42541,41481,44190,47183,49525
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"Source: Federal Employment Agency (special evaluation, Sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigte nach Staatsangehörigkeiten und Geschlecht, Arbeitslosigkeit im Zeitverlauf); Federal Statistical Office (GENESIS-Online database 71211 - Statistics on tax revenue, GENESIS-Online database - 74111 Statistics of public service personnel, GENESIS-Online database - 21711 Educational reports for national purposes, GENESIS-Online database - 12211 Microcensus, GENESIS-Online database - 12711 Migration statistics, GENESIS-Online database - 12613 Death statistics, GENESIS-Online database - 12612 Birth statistics, GENESIS-Online database - 12411 Current updating of population figures, diverse Statistische Berichte, Regional Accounts VGRdL - Lange Reihen ab 1925, diverse Fachserien, Bildungsfinanzbericht, Statistisches Jahrbuch); Institute for Employment Research, Qualifikationsspezifische Arbeitslosenquoten; Working group ""Regional Accounts"", ""Reihe 1, Länderergebnisse Band 1""",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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Notes:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"1) Until 1990, former West Germany.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"2) Until 2010, population data are based on past censuses. As of 2011, results of the population census (Bevölkerungsfortschreibung) are based on 2011 Census.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"3) From 2013 to 2015, figures on children with foreign nationality are artificially inflated due to methodological reasons.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"4) From 2008 to 2011, data are of limited comparability because of corrections in the register of residents. Due to methodological changes 2016 data are of limited comparability with the previous years; furthermore, over-coverage or under-coverage of the registration data on asylum seekers is possible.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"5) Findings of the Microcensus. As of 2005, annual averages. As of 2011, calculated with data of the population census (Bevölkerungsfortschreibung) that is based on 2011 Census, comparability with the previous years is limited. As of 2017, population in private household without collective living quarters. As of 2020, findings of the 2020 Microcensus, comparability with the previous years is limited.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"6) Results of counts of employed persons registered with the Federaly Employment Office. As of 1980, figures from statistics on employment covered by social security; as of 1999, revised data of the employment statistics; annual averages. As of 1996, survey reference day for each year is 30 June.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"7) As of 2007, revised data due to a revision of the unemployment statistics.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"8) Up to and including 2008, data are from the Institute for Employment Research. As of 2009, data are from the Federal Employment Agency. As of 2009, data are revised due to a revision of the unemployment statistics.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
9) Until 2016: sum of university degree and university of applied sciences degree.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
10) Referring to the total civilian labour force (excluding apprentices) of the same qualification.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"11) According to calculations of the Institute for Employment Research. The figures differ from the unemployment statistics of the Federal Employment Agency because different basic values have been used. Referring to the total civilian labour force. As of 2011, revised data for employed persons based on 2011 Census. As of 2020: data not available due to methodical reasons.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"12) General schools and vocational schools. As of 2013, the school part of the entrance qualification for universities of applied sciences is counted to the intermediate school certificate.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
13) Staff in main professions only.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"14) Findings of the statistics on public service personnel. Survey reference day for each year is 30 June. Including social insurance and the Federal Employment Agency; as of 2005, including company health insurance funds.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"15) Including social insurance and EU shares. As of 1997, excluding hospitals and teaching hospitals which keep commercial accounts. Due to the new budgetary system, as of 2002, limited comparability with the previous years only. Until 2009, findings of the financial statistics (Rechnungsstatistik), as of 2010, quarterly cash results with extended group of respondents.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
16) Basic funds excluding expenditure on pensions. From 2012 to 2023: preliminary ACTUAL.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"17) Until 1997, including teaching hospitals which keep commercial accounts. As of 1998, expenditure including teaching hospitals, not including DFG and special research programmes.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"18) Annual findings of the German Regional Accounts. Pursuant to the European System of Accounts (ESA) 2010, 2024 revision (the results were calculated back to 1995). Date of calculations: August 2024.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"19) Inhabitants data in the regional accounts are annual averages. Until 2010, population data are based on past censuses. As of 2011, population data are based on 2011 Census.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
m = data not available.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Results of the ICE-BMBF's ICE-Database of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (ICE = Information, Controlling, Entscheidung)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"A system of the German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies (DZHW), http://www.dzhw.eu/en/index_html",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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"Last update: December 10, 2024",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,