Tab.1.1.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) of the Federal Republic of Germany, by performing sectors",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,1981,1991,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022
Performing sectors 1) 2),Funding sectors,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros
Business enterprise sector 3),Business enterprise sector,10945,22845,23470,23708,25414,26907,30492,32333,32940,33704,34805,35201,35585,37863,39427,42211,41662,43183,46659,49137,48958,52093,54704,56386,62214,65204,66856,62625,67023,72373
Business enterprise sector 3),Government sector,2260,2640,2742,2869,2671,2578,2339,2448,2431,2276,2325,2251,1723,1854,1936,2073,2022,2096,2221,2339,1800,1915,2026,2088,2181,2234,2421,2268,2667,2880
Business enterprise sector 3),Private non-profit sector,30,76,20,20,29,31,78,71,78,80,23,23,66,70,74,79,39,40,133,140,105,112,162,167,88,91,113,106,89,97
Business enterprise sector 3),Abroad,159,685,584,614,796,818,714,748,882,890,876,888,1278,1361,1597,1710,1553,1610,2064,2174,2703,2876,4060,4185,4305,4573,6441,6034,5982,6460
Business enterprise sector 3),Total,13394,26246,26817,27211,28910,30334,33623,35600,36332,36950,38029,38363,38651,41148,43034,46073,45275,46929,51077,53790,53566,56996,60952,62826,68787,72101,75830,71032,75761,81809
Government and private non-profit sector 4),Business enterprise sector,35,71,214,116,124,136,140,151,164,185,175,187,777,852,923,865,976,927,1019,1174,1222,1384,1406,1431,1363,1401,1464,1527,1328,1385
Government and private non-profit sector 4),Government sector,2601,5214,5890,5980,5931,6166,6218,6444,6629,6824,6829,6925,6524,6680,6986,7847,8302,8805,9286,9421,9864,10136,10262,10459,11161,11746,12463,12913,14147,14871
Government and private non-profit sector 4),Private non-profit sector,49,120,83,105,113,124,127,137,144,162,153,185,98,141,143,128,137,124,131,168,141,151,157,165,257,272,283,292,274,299
Government and private non-profit sector 4),Abroad,27,53,79,103,105,121,146,141,209,162,151,217,469,483,488,507,517,498,539,579,635,649,661,665,703,749,811,857,1012,1050
Government and private non-profit sector 4),Total,2712,5457,6266,6305,6272,6547,6632,6873,7146,7333,7307,7514,7867,8156,8540,9346,9932,10354,10974,11341,11862,12320,12486,12721,13484,14168,15022,15589,16761,17605
Higher education sector 5),Business enterprise sector,59,433,673,741,805,863,945,986,1091,1139,1227,1273,1363,1423,1492,1674,1690,1763,1884,1961,1996,2111,2129,2299,2307,2484,2599,2584,2704,2874
Higher education sector 5),Government sector,3255,5713,6620,6847,6799,6741,7017,7169,7473,7906,7964,7657,7656,7837,8051,9048,9673,10360,11078,11351,11534,12133,12474,13720,14254,15169,15708,16478,17101,18060
Higher education sector 5),Private non-profit sector,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-
Higher education sector 5),Abroad,m,m,78,101,131,158,137,198,194,222,201,289,342,402,384,453,508,609,555,668,771,686,742,608,721,747,865,901,857,1073
Higher education sector 5),Total,3313,6145,7371,7690,7734,7761,8098,8352,8758,9268,9391,9219,9361,9663,9927,11175,11871,12731,13518,13980,14302,14930,15344,16627,17282,18400,19173,19962,20661,22007
Total,Business enterprise sector,11039,23348,24357,24565,26342,27906,31576,33470,34196,35029,36207,36662,37725,40138,41842,44750,44327,45873,49562,52272,52176,55589,58239,60116,65884,69090,70919,66736,71055,76633
Total,Government sector,8116,13567,15252,15697,15400,15485,15574,16061,16534,17006,17118,16833,15902,16371,16973,18967,19997,21260,22585,23111,23198,24184,24762,26267,27596,29149,30592,31658,33915,35811
Total,Private non-profit sector,78,196,104,126,141,154,205,208,222,242,176,208,164,211,217,207,176,164,263,307,246,263,319,332,344,362,396,398,363,395
Total,Abroad,186,738,741,818,1032,1096,997,1086,1284,1274,1228,1394,2089,2246,2469,2670,2578,2716,3158,3420,4110,4211,5462,5458,5729,6069,8118,7791,7851,8582
Total,Total,19420,37848,40454,41206,42916,44642,48352,50825,52236,53551,54727,55097,55879,58967,61501,66594,67078,70014,75569,79110,79730,84246,88782,92174,99554,104669,110025,106583,113184,121421
,Category,Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%)
,GERD as a percentage of GDP 6),2.43,2.38,2.13,2.14,2.18,2.21,2.33,2.39,2.38,2.41,2.44,2.4,2.4,2.43,2.42,2.57,2.69,2.68,2.75,2.82,2.78,2.82,2.88,2.88,2.99,3.05,3.11,3.09,3.08,3.07
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"Source: Federal Ministry of Education and Research, special evaluation; Federal Statistical Office, special evaluation; Stifterverband Wissenschaftsstatistik, special evaluation",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
This table also appears in the Federal Report on Research and Innovation as Table 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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Notes:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"1) Data from surveys of the relevant performing sectors. Until 1990, the former Federal Republic of Germany; as of 1991, all of Germany. Due to revision of the calculation method, the data up to 1991 are only partly comparable with data from later publications.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2) Figures for even years are partly estimated.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"3) Companies and institutions for co-operative research; intramural R&D expenditures (OECD concept) of business enterprises; until 1990, including non-apportionable government funding; as of 1992, government R&D funding for business enterprises pursuant to figures of funding institutions -- Federal Government and Länder. Until 2010 the funding source data of the Stifterverband Wissenschaftsstatistik, which have been obtained from R&D-performing reporting units, differ from this, since the performing reporting units are not always able to clearly identify the original funding source.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"4) Non-university research institutions (e.g., Max Planck Society, Fraunhofer Society). Government: federal, Länder and municipal (research) institutions; as of 1981, Federal Government institutions; as of 1985, Länder institutions with their R&D shares only. As of 1992, modified survey procedure; in 1995, the reporting scope was expanded; in 2005, modified calculation method. Until 2010, including external expenditure on research and development.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
5) The increase of the expenditure on higher education is partly methodologically conditioned by the recalculation of R&D coefficients from 2016 onwards.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"6) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) status: August 2024. As of 1991, results of the national accounts general revision 2024 based on ESA 2010.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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- = no figures or magnitude zero.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
m = data not available.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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"Results of the ICE-BMBF's ICE-Database of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (ICE = Information, Controlling, Entscheidung)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"A system of the German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies (DZHW), http://www.dzhw.eu/en/index_html",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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"Last update: September 5, 2024",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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This work is licensed under a Data licence Germany attribution 2.0.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-2-0),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,